Movie Reflection - 2707 Words

What is in your movie? ENG 225 Hannah Judson March 15, 2010 What is in your movie? How does one analysis a movie? How does one watch a movie? What are you looking for in the movie? When you watch the movie, does the movie tell you a story or do you learn any life lessons from it? Movie making is considered an industry and an art form; as an artist media, it can come in a form of expression. A movie has so many components intertwined into it to make it overall and complete. Therefore, is there any one component that is superior to the other when the creators are composing the movie? There are so many elements and components used in creating and analysis a movie. However, before we take a look at those elements, let’s take a look†¦show more content†¦Sometimes when recording a film and the dialogue is not very clear during the shoot and must be re-recorded in a studio, preferably using the same recording equipment used during the shoot, this is known as â€Å"dubbing†. There are many different types of equipment that are available for recording known as the ADR (Automatic Dialogue Replacement). When it is necessary, the actors would sit in a sound-proof booth with a screen to play back the movie and allow the actors to re-enact the scene and re-record the dialogue all over again. On feature films, sound engineers use huge multi-track mixing desks and high quality monitor speakers to ensure that the audio is well-balanced and what needs to be heard is audible. Furthermore, any sounds that were not captured during the shoot are added at the post-production stage. Work on sounds that need enhancing; footsteps, doors, creaking, and so on, are usually done by a Foley artist. They create and record all manner of sound and noises in a studio using their own favorite props. A great example that a Foley artist would be used for would be any animated movies. My favorite animated movie of all time is Monsters Inc. ( Docter, 2001). All of the different sound effects that were made, for example, when â€Å"Sully† was riding aro und on different doors, the Foley artist had to create the sound of a pulley. Another example of this would be from the movie Titanic when the ship was breakingShow MoreRelatedMovie Reflection665 Words   |  3 PagesExtra Credit: Electric Shadows Reflection The film makes me recall my childhood and my parents’ childhood. It descried a story in a town of Northwest China happened between 1970s and 1980s. At that time, people could only watch the outdoor movie that cemented by celluloid. This film covers the family love, romantic love between two generations and friendship. Also, it gives me a strong feeling of how the Chinese cultural revolution have changed the people’s lives and ideas. From what I learnedRead MoreMovie Reflection1301 Words   |  6 Pagesthing that I will mention are the different acts and how the outcomes would’ve been different if they would have been in act at this time. The first movie I will be talking about is Matewan. Matewan is a movie about the mines in Mingo County, WV. In the beginning, I wasn’t sure if I would end up liking the video or not. The further it got into the movie, I really enjoyed it. I loved learning about what the â€Å"miner’s 3life† was like. It showed what they went through as they worked in the mines and itRead MoreMovie Reflection Paper1255 Words   |  6 Pagesis Thanksgiving and my wife and I along with our 18 year old daughter are planning to see the movie WONDER today. I believe this is a perfect opportunity to conduct the experiential learning exercise. My hypothesis is that this movie will have characters who will display an intertwining of their strengths to bring about a successful outcome. Perhaps these strengths are similar to ours. The movie plot: â€Å"Based on the New York Times bestseller, WONDER tells the inspiring and heartwarming storyRead MoreGandhi Movie Reflection981 Words   |  4 Pagesof non-violence. He worked hard to achieve the mission to spread the message of love and equality. The movie â€Å"Gandhi† directed by   Richard Attenborough tells us about how his principles made the British give freedom to India and his face moved millions of crowds to fight for freedom. But mainly, this movie shows the complex life of Gandhi and his importance that made a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie starts with a flashback to a younger, 23-year-old   Gandhi during his days in South Africa during 1893.Read MoreReflection Of The Movie Moana1059 Words   |  5 PagesPeople of all ages have watched or heard about the movie Moana. They all want to see Disney’s new â€Å"princess,† or so they thought it was going to be a new princess. The movie sets an ambivalent, but curious tone. Moana is to become the next princess of her tribe, but when she lets her curiosity get the best of her. She has to decide whether she wants to lead her tribe or set forth on a journey that no one knows the outcome of. Throughout the movie, Moana, many life lessons are taught on how to handleRead MoreReflection Of The Movie Amistad1426 Words   |  6 PagesKorea, they knew if escaped, then their families would suffer the consequences, but they didn’t see it as bad thing since they knew there wasn’t a very bright future in their country to begin w ith. So, they escaped to truly live and to be free.  This movie really changed my perspective on history, but especially on the history of African-Americans and slavery. Seeing how innocent people who had done nothing to deserve such cruel and terrible inhumane treatment by the hand of others who saw them as inferiorRead MoreAmistad Movie Reflection748 Words   |  3 PagesIn the movie Amistad there are many instances where African Americans are treated very poorly, just like they were not even the same creature the captors were. I have watched this movie and thought it over thoroughly afterwards. I was tasked after thinking it over the answer the question of â€Å"How could someone’s conscience allow them to treat another human being so horribly?† I find this answer very obvious throughout the film. These men performing these heinous acts of injustice against these AfricanRead MoreEmojis Movie Reflection1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe film starts with a bunch of high school students walking around, all immersed in their smartphones. We travel inside the world of a smartphone belonging to a freshman named Alex (Jake T. Austin). The Emojis live in the city of Textopolis, and each of them performs the same function they were designed for. Gene (TJ Miller) is supposed to be a meh Emoji like his parents Mel and Mary (Steven Wright and Jennifer Coolidge), but unlike all the other Emojis, Gene has multiple expressions and feelingsRead MoreMy Movie Reflection1314 Words   |  6 PagesThis movie changed my outlook on everything. 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Spielberg, unlike other historical directors, has successfully portrayed Abraham Lincoln from several angles; the fatherly Lincoln who cares

Freud on Happiness Essay - 1390 Words

Varea Romanenco FLAN 257 November 24, 2007 Sr. Elena Arminio Freud on Happiness The everlasting question of What is Happiness? has been inquired since the creation of men. Unfortunately, the only agreed answer that humanity came up with is that all the creatures seek happiness, but no one has the concrete directions for achieving it. Our libraries are overwhelmed with books about happiness, but no dictionary definition explains which path men must take to be happy. No mathematician gave us the axiom which we could use to solve the problem of living in bliss. No scientist brought up the formula of fusing certain ingredients to produce the drink of happiness. Still almost all the people consider that their ultimate purport in†¦show more content†¦To say it better would be to cite the words of Freud, himself: What we call happiness, in the strictest sense, comes from the (preferably sudden) satisfaction of needs which have been dammed up to a high degree (Freud 254). Freud proposes the Principle of Satisfaction when aiming to be happy, in other words a problem of satisfying a persons instinctual wishes (Freud 263). Consequently, he concludes that because our appetite can never be fulfilled, the attainment of happiness will be nothing else than pessimistic. Also, he notes, that not all pleasures or wishes can be satisfied as soon as they are conceived. Freud presents the example of a baby, who, initially, believes that all his/her wishes should be gratified, and only later learns, form the Reality Principle, the harsh truth, that the wishes can not be satisfied instantaneously. More than that, life teaches men that in order to experience happiness one must sacrifice the instant gratification of his/her desires in order to achieve happiness in future. A simple example would be when a businessman decides to work overtime in order to receive more money and, thus, receive more pleasure, of course temporary and in future. So, Freud speculates on the conjecture that our universe or our world was created in such a way, that we are not be able to live happily for a prolonged time (Farrell 11). He introduces the Principle of Reality, the negative way of achieving happiness, when man strives to avoidShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud : Civilization And Its Discontents1682 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud: Civilization and Its Discontents In the book Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud writes about how civilization is a place of conflict when it comes to the need for conformity. Civilization is a place that does not function orderly despite having laws and regulations put in place. People often face the challenge in conforming to the restrictions in their daily lives when it comes to satisfying their needs. Sigmund Freud refers to religion as a method of conformity whenRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Instincts And The Individual Psyche1550 Words   |  7 Pagesits Discontents†, we are introduced to a new outlook in the way we view our lives due to his analysis of civilization and how it has affected our happiness. Freud uses his theory of instincts in order to explain what encourages us as well as how our behavior is all linked together and is motivated by our instincts. He explains why humans seek happiness and how it is one of the toughest things to achieve. Towards the end of his book he also gives a n insight on how the individual psyche which consistRead MoreEssay about Problems of Civilization and Society1341 Words   |  6 Pagesand Its Discontents Sigmund Freud explains the conflict in which humans experience self-entanglement, primarily due to the conflict with the self and civilization. Freud defines the conflict humans have between the self and culture, both of which are structured by civilization. Similar to Freud, Adrienne Rich also sees herself locked in conflict caused by society. However, in comparison to Freud, Rich describes these conflicts based on personal identity, whereas Freud describes conflicts based onRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Civilization And Its Discontents1497 Words   |  6 Pages Need intro, thesis Freud and Zhuangzi both think worldly happiness is fleeting and brief, but Freud thinks happiness can only be temporarily achieved and never to its fullest extent on an individual basis. In contrast, Zhuangzi believes happiness can be found in oneself if one understands the contentment of the Dao and is secure in the knowledge that everything is relative. In his book Civilization and Its Discontents, psychologist Sigmund Freud argues that every human’s purpose is to â€Å"striveRead MoreMark Edmundson Anti-Idealism1451 Words   |  6 PagesEdmundson cites the loss of these ideals through modern writers, such as Shakespeare and Freud. Edmundson specifically calls Freud a â€Å"relentless enemy of the warrior ideal, the religious ideal, and the ideal of transcendent philosophy.† The truth in Edmundson’s analysis of Freud’s anti-idealist view can be seen in Freud’s novel, Civilization and Its Discontents. In this novel, Edmundson’s assessment is most evident that Freud sees a desire to follow ideals as a â€Å"fall to illusion, as well as Freud’s obviousRead MoreAll Of Civilization And Discontents By Sigmund Freud1172 Words   |  5 Pagesevolving. Consequently, the book focuses on the friction between the two and the change that civilization had achieved at that time while on the othe r hand there is the disquiet on the prohibitions that it brought to humans. To a large extent therefore, Freud tries to illustrate the two parallel paths that civilization and humans sought to contain. With reference to his earlier work on civilization and religion, he sets the ground on the unchanging nature of the human instinct despite the ‘covering overRead MoreCivilization and Its Discontents, by Sigmeund Freud Essay example840 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Civilization and Its Discontents† is a book written by Sigmund Freud in 1929 (originally titled â€Å"Das Unbehagen in der Kultur† or The Uneasiness in Culture.) This is considered to be one of Freud’s most important and widely read works. In this book, Freud explains his perspective by enumerating what he sees as fundamental tensions between civilization and the individual. He asserts that this tension stems from the individual’s quest for freedom and non-conformity and civilization’s quest for uniformityRead MoreFreud And Foucaults Discipline And Punish1598 Words   |  7 Pagesreading both Freud’s â€Å"Civilization and Its Discontents† and Foucault’s â€Å"Di scipline and Punish† it is apparent that they have different views on the function of human society. Freud’s general claim in his writing is that the purpose of human life is happiness. Though our current civilization often does not offer direct, intense satisfaction of our carnal desires, it does offer a more stable lifestyle that avoids pain and results in smaller, simpler pleasures. Foucault’s claims, on the other hand, focusRead MoreHow Does Private Property Begin1140 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolvement in social interactions. They always show their dominance on the fellow citizens which results in the formation of corrupt state of man in civil society. (Page 25) In what way according to the Freud, does religion offer consolidation from the hardships of life? According to the Freud the religion answer the question which is mostly asked what the purpose of life is. Religion tells us why we created and what is the purpose behind the creation of the whole universe? It is the religion whoRead MoreMaslow, Durkheim, And Freud1737 Words   |  7 Pages Weber, Durkheim, and Freud each offered a fascinating account of the role of religion in modern life. Weber and Durkheim specifically asked how to act ethically in a world of fragmenting values. Freud largely bypassed ethics, looking instead at how the individual utilizes values in negotiating pleasures, pains, and disappointments. While these three thinkers range from attention to the individual (Freud) to the social (Durkheim), and from a general, primitivistic (? Do you mean that he looked

IT Management Issue Temple and Webster

Question: Discuss about the IT Management Issue for Temple and Webster. Answer: Introduction: Temple Webster is an online retail store that was founded in the year 2011 in Australia. The online retailer deals with furniture and other things for Art Dcor. The company has been successful in its business operation and claimed to achieve $1 million revenue within a span of 214 days of the formation of its online site (Templeandwebster.com.au, 2016). It has to be mentioned that there is intense competition in the online retail market as well. Companies like Kogan, The Iconic, Catch of the Day and other such online retailers have marked their business quite effectively in the recent market scenario. Role of service delivery technologies: The thorough use of information and communication technology in the service and retail sector of the business has increased the efficiency, accountability and transparency of the retailing and other selling methods. As stated by Wyche et al. (2013), there are potential benefits of delivering services by utilizing information and communication technologies. Wyche et al. (2013) further added that this online technology have open up the horizon for every field such as health, education and even for the provision of food. The e-commerce activity has created business models by involving employers, entrepreneurs, suppliers, distributors, retailers and the customers as well (Fang et al., 2014). Shaping the regulatory reforms and important policy frameworks, there lays great opportunity of better economic system to work and extent the business activities. Tools used by Temple Webster: In order to carry out the business activities, an online retailer has to use a number of tools in their everyday life. Reading Veit et al. (2014), it has been observed that a social networking page should be available to the consumers for easy shopping option. This service is easily provided by Facebook. Therefore, Facebook platform with online payment methods using PayPal or Google Checkout can be of prime utilization and beneficial for the online retailer. Another important tool is to create subscription or purchasing account for the consumers. Fetching the details from the accounts of Google, Fcaebook or other Social log-in data, a customer can easily be subscribed to and make purchase whenever required (Fang et al., 2014). It has been found that Temple Webster uses these tools as a part of their online retailing activities. The Online Store also has a Shopping Cart added to its Website that makes it easier for the visitors of the website to make purchase from there (Templeandweb ster.com.au, 2016). In addition to these, there are other means of exaggerating the business activities of an online retailer. Using hash tags in social media like twitter by pointing a number of important activities like #buy, #discounts and others. Conclusion: It can be easily said that the role of information and communication technology is increasing profoundly to support the changes in retail technique. Almost every Company is turning its business activities online. Moreover, e-business has facilitates the consumers as well to purchase things online by easy payment method. Therefore, there is a great scope for e-commerce in recent time. Reference list: Fang, Y., Qureshi, I., Sun, H., McCole, P., Ramsey, E., Lim, K. H. (2014). Trust, Satisfaction, and Online Repurchase Intention: The Moderating Role of Perceived Effectiveness of E-Commerce Institutional Mechanisms.Mis Quarterly,38(2), 407-427. Templeandwebster.com.au (2016) Temple Webster Available at: https://www.templeandwebster.com.au/ [Retrieved on: 28-11-2016] Veit, D., Clemons, E., Benlian, A., Buxmann, P., Hess, T., Kundisch, D., ... Spann, M. (2014). Business models.Business Information Systems Engineering,6(1), 45-53. Wyche, S. P., Forte, A., Yardi Schoenebeck, S. (2013, April). Hustling online: understanding consolidated facebook use in an informal settlement in Nairobi. InProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 2823-2832). ACM.

Assessing the macro - and micro - environmental forces that explain the success of John Lewis free essay sample

John Lewis is a chain of upmarket department stores in the UK. In accessing its success, I critically looked at the macro- and micro- environments of the organization. Here the macroenvironment comprises three major sections: the economic environment, the social and demographic environment, and the technological environment. The purpose of this essay is to assess John Lewis’s success, in relations to the forces within these sub-environments. Furthermore, I assess the links these forces have with John Lewis’s microenvironment. The Macroenvironment The Economic Environment Palmer Hartley (2012) says that ‘Businesses need to keep an eye on indications of a nation’s prosperity’, (p. 10). This is due to the likelihood that during recessionary periods, people’s spending power on goods and services is likely to decline. This might not be the case with John Lewis, as its affluent customers have been ‘less impacted by the economic downturn’, (Dunkley, 2013). However, all customers are likely to become more concerned about whom they spend their money with. Andy Street, the managing director of John Lewis says that ‘When money is tight you’re far more likely to think about who you spend it with†¦the results are based on one word above all else, which is Trust’, (Rowley, 2012). Street then talks about the success of John Lewis in this economy saying ‘In an economic climate which continues to be volatile, to have achieved these results is testimony to the strength of the John Lewis brand’, (Ruddick, 2013). Here the success of John Lewis arises from two main reasons. The first is John Lewis’s main target audience, which consists of the more affluent customers who have proved to be resilient in this economic climate. The organization is able to maintain its success, as their customers’ spending power remains constant regardless of the trends in the economy. The second reason is the John Lewis brand, which is strongly built on trust. Customers are likely to turn to their trusted brands in this economic climate regardless of how affluent they may be. Note that trends in the economy are inevitable and organizations have to respond to these appropriately in order to succeed. John Lewis can be seen as simply benefiting from its intended target audience for the reasons I have mentioned, but I believe that their investments in brand and trust buildings are the main reasons for their success. The Social and Demographic Environments ‘It is suggested that society is becoming increasingly concerned about the ethical values adopted by its business organizations’, (Palmer Hartley, 2012, p. 186). Hence it is important for John Lewis to act and respond appropriately to this social trend. The recent tax avoidance for numerous organizations in the UK has had a beneficial effect on John Lewis. Andy Street publicly expresses the need for the government to deal with multinational organizations, which are paying little to no tax in the country, (Batty, 2012). The publicity of this statement highlights the simple fact that John Lewis is a UK-based organization that are paying taxes, whilst the backdrop comprises other household organizations avoiding them. Street believes that the tax criticisms Amazon. com, Inc. has received spurred the sales of John Lewis saying, ‘I can’t prove it, but it definitely has been good, I’d call it background publicity for us’, (Ruddick, 2012). The increased concern about organizations’ ethics goes beyond the headline-worthy issues such as the tax avoidance. Speaking of John Lewis’s organizational structure, Charlie Mayfield, John Lewis’s chairman, says that ‘Most shoppers will not be able to describe the chain’s unusual structure of the partnership but they’ll say that it’s a good place to work, that we look after our staff well’, (Clark, 2010). Palmer Hartley (2012) says that ‘increasingly large segments of the population take into account the ethics of a firm’s employment practices when evaluating alternative products’, (p. 181). Since John Lewis’s employees are their shareholders, they benefit from annual bonuses. The organization’s ethical employment practices had been publicly highlighted as Nick Clegg encourages other organizations to adopt the ‘John Lewis economy’, (Mason, 2012). Here John Lewis’s success is the result of two different responses to the social trends. Firstly, in the case of the tax avoidance crisis, John Lewis did not succeed from having to respond to any social trend, but instead benefiting from the failure for other organizations to meet them. The second is John Lewis’s unusual structure and its employment practices. This garners a lot of public attention and propels the ethical brand image for the organization, contributing to its success. It is worthy to look at the demographics of the UK in relation to John Lewis’s target audience. In countries such as the UK, the older population is increasing as people are living longer. Studies have shown that older populations are more concerned about the ethics of organizations compared with the younger populations. I believe that this does not only account for more potential customers for John Lewis, but it also increases the trust values, especially due to the current economic and social environments. This ultimately contributes to the success of John Lewis, as there is strong customer retention. The Technological Environment The rapid technological developments have altered the relationship between an organization and its customers. One example is that ‘Technological developments have allowed new methods of distributing goods and services’, (Palmer Hartley, 2012, p. 10). This includes the booming online shopping as shoppers are ‘spending 12. 8% more on the Internet last year than a year earlier’, Neville, 2013). It also highlights that department stores are benefiting the most from this shift to online shopping (Neville, 2013). Initially, online shopping appeared to simply revolutionize the way goods were bought. However, Wallop (2013) reports that the concept of online shopping and delivery did not work out well, as ‘Royal Mail, DHL, and other delivery services were not up to scratch’. As of during the month of December, ‘at least 225,000 parcels each day failed to arrive when promised. Another from Which? , found that 60 per cent of people shopping online shopping online last year had problems with delivery’, (Neville, 2013). This is when John Lewis responded to this problem with the development of Click Collect. This new scheme consists of placing and pays for an order online, then picking up the goods from the Customer Collection Point chosen by the shopper. Neil Saunders, the managing director of Conlumino says that ‘The reason click and collect took off over Christmas was because it solves the age-old problem of the ‘final mile’ of delivery. People just don’t like waiting in for deliveries, but most are happy to pick up from their local high street’, (Neville, 2013). This has proven a success for John Lewis as orders have doubled between 2012 and 2013, ‘accounting for 35% of online sales’, (Butler, 2013). Karen Dracou explains ‘Customers love the fact that they are in control and can decide where and when to collect’, (Knight, 2013). Here the success of John Lewis is due to its ability to spot the shift to online shopping. Furthermore, it also notices the trends in problems regarding online shopping and delivery, and successfully meet customers’ needs by developing Click and Collect. Technology also means that it is easier to gain exposure of unethical business practice as there is ‘expending media availability and an increasingly intelligent audience’, (Palmer Hartley, 2012, p. 186). Hence the trends in the technological environment are inextricably linked to the trends in the social and demographic environment. In this case, technology helps customers to know about John Lewis’s ethical practices and other organizations’ unethical practices, and thus propelling the success for John Lewis. Microenvironment Customers Customers have the utmost importance in determining the success of organizations as ‘no customers mean no business’, (Palmer Hartley, 2012, p. 31). Hence it is vital to respond appropriately to the changing needs of customers. Indeed this is what the analysis in the macroenvironment section has been trying to highlight. The Economic Environment means that customers, affluent or not, require a brand that they can trust. John Lewis succeeds by providing the customers with the trust values they are looking for in order to spend. The Social Environment means that customers prefer to shop from ethical organizations and John Lewis had gone to highlight its ethics, both implicitly and explicitly. The Technological Environment means that customers require new ways of purchasing goods and John Lewis’s Click and Collect has been proven a success. Suppliers The relationship between John Lewis and its suppliers contributes to its success in a number of ways. The available technology means that goods can be made overseas, at a lower cost. Because of the customers’ increased concern in organizations’ ethics, John Lewis had improved its relationship with its suppliers. John Lewis is aiming to invest ‘at least ? 500,00 over the next three years in projects that will boost sustainability within its supply chain as well as education and employment projects’, (Butler, 2012). This includes a project of providing a training program for cotton farmers in India. Palmer Hartley (2012) says that society has rising expectations for organizations to be friendly to their local communities by supporting their local suppliers. John Lewis initially invested in these projects as the supply for cotton was becoming scarce as prices were raised. Hence by doing this, John Lewis benefits from its relationship with the suppliers in two ways. First is that there is an increased level of security in their supply of cotton. Second is that the organization also benefits from helping local suppliers, which in this case is the cotton farms in India. John Lewis benefits from meeting society’s expectations and is seen as an ethical organization. Competitors In a highly competitive market, it is vital to understand you competitors. As I have mentioned, John Lewis had adopted several strategies in response to the trends in the macroenvironment. These strategies are the main reason why John Lewis is ahead of its competitors. Other reasons may include the speed of adopting these strategies. One example is the shift to online shopping and John Lewis responds speedily and successfully to this, putting it in the dominant sector in online shopping. This is a First Mover Advantage as it is one of the first organizations to successfully shift to online shopping. Hence this could be another reason for the success of John Lewis in relations to its competitors. Conclusion In summary, I have critically assessed the macro- and micro- environments of John Lewis in trying to understand its success. Within the macroenvironment, I have analyzed how John Lewis has successfully responded to the changing trends within: the economic environment, the social and demographic environment, and the technological environment. It is the appropriate responses to these trends that made John Lewis successful as they are all linked to what the customers need. I have also made links between the macroenvironment and the micro-environmental factors: customers, suppliers, and competitors. John Lewis has to also have appropriate relationships with these other organizations and individuals in order to be successful.

Writing Back and Giving Agency to Suppressed Voices

Writing Back and Giving Agency to Suppressed Voices

israels independence essays

israel's independence essays Israel or Palestine has been the holy land of the Jewish people. Long before biblical times the Jews were settled in Palestine and from then on They have been spreading Their religion, culture, and identity to the rest of the world. Bus Israel hasnt always existed, as a matter of fact it is one of the most recent new Nations formed. Ever since the Jewish community were exiled from Palestine they would always hope that God would bring a messiah which would bring the Jewish society back to Palestine and make it a nation for the Jews. It was during these times that Zionism was first developed. The Zionist have always been arguing and fighting for Palestine and the Jewish people. Their main goal was to bring back the Jewish people into Palestine and establish a home for them. Near the end of World War I the British government issued a letter called the Balfour declaration, which expressed their approval of Zionism. This would soon greatly help in the formation of Israel. Little that they knew that the Zionist would soon gain enough power to form a solid nation which they have been always hoped for. As mentioned before Zionism goes back to biblical times, and their main goal was to establish a home for the Jewish people. At the end of the middle ages a number of Messiahs came forward with the claim to lead the Jews back to Palestine , and they were generally received with great enthusiasm by their fellow Jews #. After many years Zionism finally gained strength and in 1917 the British issued the Balfour declaration to win support of European Jews. In 1922 the league of nations issued a mandate granting control over Palestine to Britain, entrusting it to facilitate the establishment of a Jewish National home.# During World War II increased momentum internationally of the Zionist movement, combined with economic recession in Europe, brought thousands more Jews from else where ...

What is the subject of Philosophy of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What is the subject of Philosophy of Law - Essay Example General jurisprudence, as part of law, thus maintains a strong hold over this very normative aspect of law as it tries to answer the questions about how law dominates over every aspect of society at large. Philosophy of law thus boils down to the combination of concepts and theories that assist in the understanding of the very nature of law, the command that it holds within society as well as the sources of its authority. (Julius) The philosophies of Thomas Hobbes, Jeremy Bentham, and of course John Austin, have all added up to the nature and comprehension of law as well as the legal validity between legal positivism and the philosophy behind it. What exactly is law is the question that most legal philosophers have aimed to define during the course of their lifetime, and the various schools of thought that have contributed towards the same are legal positivism, natural law, legal realism and legal interpretivism. In order to address these questions, they have been placed under the branch of jurisprudence, since the 18th century. The legal philosopher Isodore states that â€Å"we call these legal matters just which are adapted to produce and preserve happiness and its parts for the body politic, for the state are a perfect community†. (Aquinas) The author states that law is normative in nature for the good of citizens; it purports the benefit of the various people living under the law, together, for their common good. At the same time hower, it also aims to provide individual good for as many as possible. This merges with the Utilitarian theory of Jeremy Bentham where he states that the law should aim for the greatest good of the greatest number. A consideration thus to understand the phiosophy of law should be made towards understanding the distinction between law and morality on the basis of the above mentioned. When the law tends to bend towards a form of socil control, it seeks answers to the question relating to the community; for example, in what

The Consequences of Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Consequences of Economic Growth - Essay Example This discussion highlights that  with increased economic transaction between populations within and outside of national borders have led to greater economic growth throughout many parts of the planet.   Employment increases, the cost of products decrease to a competitive market level, and the number of firms and the quality of firms increase.   As a developing economy grows, there is a greater propensity and incentive for foreign governments to provide some form of economic aid, which is also in their benefits for their own economic expansion.From the study it is clear that  with the spread of commerce comes the spread of newer technologies. With the breakthroughs in technologies in the telecommunications industry, the technology itself has become more accessible for lower income customers.   Anyone with an internet connection can now communicate and do business with anyone else in the world.   This has led to a rapid growth in traditionally lesser-developed countries, be cause now there is a productive work force with the means to enlarge their economic fortunes.   With the greater diffusion of technologies, entrepreneurs have become more empowered and enfranchised with freedom to pursue business ventures and this had led to a growth in business.  Nations with no economic development at all are subject to civil war, systemic poverty, famine, and political instability, as often and tragically observed in Sub-Saharan Africa or Central Asia in the present day.  Ã‚  

Change Management of People and Technology in an ERP Implementation Assignment - 1

Change Management of People and Technology in an ERP Implementation - Assignment Example Although the company had an internal IT department, its operation was not done in an efficient way. Similarly, the firm had poor application domain knowledge so that they struggled to carry out various functions effectively. Therefore, company management believed that the proposed strategy would assist the organization to improve its weaker areas. The case writers assert that the ‘areas of relative strength’ of the selected approach as ‘High’, ‘High’, and ‘Low’. It must be noted that a concept of expertise ‘buying in’ is associated with this approach rather than risking with unorganized development strategies. Since the proposed strategy was decided to acquire from a third party, it was possible for them to obtain high software expertise and application domain expertise. On the other hand, when purchasing an ERP approach from a third party vendor, probably the package may contain poor local company knowledge. Therefore, it is clear why the writers ranked ‘3rd party modified off-the-shelf solution’ as ‘High’, ‘High’, and ‘Low’ in terms of relative strength areas. Several problems encountered during the selection and implementation phases of the project. According to Edwards and Humphries, the chief executive officer and other senior managers had only a little knowledge regarding the proposed project. Since the persons at the helm of affairs lacked adequate information regarding the structure of the approach, they could not properly organize their employees. Naturally, this situation led the project to an operational failure. Similarly, PowerIT failed in the selection of a business development manager also. The firm gave emphasis only on the technical skill of the manager, but the appointed manager did not have sufficient social skill which was essential while operating in a traditional manufacturing environment. As a result, it caused some persona l conflicts between business development manager and other managers; and subsequently, lack of coordination in the project implementation phases. Even though none of the vendors submitted the project model in an accurate manner, the development manager awarded the contract to a vendor without considering the option for a review. Since the development manager could not get willing staff to attend the user group meetings, he made their attendance mandatory and that led to inactive participation. The new system was implemented in 2000 and some organizational sections viewed the system a failure one year after its full implementation. As Edwards and Humphries say, a considerable decline in productivity was the most major issue after the project implementation. The ‘brown paper mapping’ undertaken by business development manager was another issue encountered after the project implementation phase as it was not used for any detailed analysis. It is a known fact that the effec tiveness of an organization largely depends on the knowledge and experience of its employees. However, we have seen that even PoweIT’s CEO did not have adequate knowledge regarding the implemented project and it added to the strategic failure of the company. Moreover, the inefficient PowerIT management could not integrate the implemented changes into the existing structure of the organization and that gradually led to customer dissatisfaction.

KPTO Suicide Prevention Strategic Plan Analysis

KPTO Suicide Prevention Strategic Plan Analysis Executive Summary The source of information which was critically examined and presented in this document was referred to the Te Mahere Rautaki o Kia Piki te Ora Strategic Plan and Final Report of Kia Piki Te Ora (KPTO) Suicide Prevention Program Evaluation for the Ministry of Health which contacted the KÄ hui Tautoko Consulting Limited (KTCL) to draw a variety of data sources in order to give attention on questions about what KPTO brings and what are the effects established through its approaches and actions on Maori people across the 9 Regions. The data collected where critically examined and the Scriven-Davidson Key Evaluation Checklist serves as a guide. The KPTO program evaluation centers on process and impact evaluation questions wherein the parts reflected on what are the services and the way each provider deliberated, distributed and monitored activities in agreement with KPTO Accountability Structure and the All Age Suicide Prevention System Logic Model, the impact attained in communities and the significance contributed to Maori people suicide prevention, the KPTO cultural proficiency and the KPTO strong points and its areas for improvements. Purpose In year 2006, the KPTO involved all range of ages in the prevention program to address suicide rates focusing on Maori people. The activities involve ethnic approaches that were founded from the recognized cultural practice models appropriate for Maori suicide prevention and service distribution (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). The goal of KPTO program is to enhance the psychological and welfare status of Maori and involve engagement in communities as well as target the decrease of access to methods of suicide and helped to lessen the damaging effects linked to suicide or suicidal tendencies with the family, friends and in community (Ministry of Health, 2013). The KPTO program evaluation wanted to discover in many ways the program providers helped on the suicide prevention in each respective community. The evaluation also looks on issues or parts that need further attention. Clarity The KPTO program has its purpose of promoting the psychological health and welfare of Maori people giving them the highest concern of the program, as part of achieving this, there are services provided through a wide-ranging of mental health endorsement undertakings and agencies partnerships. The KPTOs plan of lessening the availability to the means of suicide has been given concerned by establishing policies and guidelines in collaboration with local councils and learning institutions.   However, according to Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited (2014), there was a deprived of evidences that will support this objective in the 9 regions. In order to address the effect of suicide to families, friends and in the community, the KPTO has diverse strategies to address this objective in working with the government organizations and community groups depending on how they assess the needs of the Maori to provide suitable services. KPTO not just provided awareness on suicide but also responding on suicide crisis as well as promoting a joint effort in health promotion program and mental health services, and also encouraging schools to give more attention on bullying and the action of the police to occurrences of crisis (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). The Ministry of Health funded the Kia Piki Te Ora Suicide Prevention Program in 9 regions to support and maintain the activities to prevent suicide mainly to the regions where there is an increased need of the services (Ministry of Health, 2015). Accuracy of evaluation/audit In order to conduct an evaluation, collection of data from various sources is important, and doing such creates and enhances the evaluation questions. It includes conducting a review of the KPTO project plans, assessing the reports and files made available by the Ministry of Health. Looking at the KPTO designed plans, reviewing and examination of reports and relevant documents helps gather more important information essential in the evaluation. The KPTO program created a positive effect in communities where it functioned particularly relating to the promotion of the shared responsibility in endorsing the suicide prevention undertakings. It was achieved due to the strong partnership with different agencies and collaboration with the community in each region and was evidenced by the responses from the families and stakeholders wherein the nine regional sites are visited and interviewed the program staffs ad stakeholders. However, those who could not attend the interview was still able to respond on the online survey organized which was completed by the representative from DHBs, Maori and social service providers, other private associations and police department (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). Significance of findings The KPTO program service providers have shown that there are different approaches to deliver the services which contributed to the prevention of suicide in each community. The outcomes enable to present the KPTOs strong points, identified issues or parts that need attention and a way for improvement. The KPTO service providers along with the key stakeholders have strongly made an effort to collaborate for significant partnership and encouraged agencies to give more attention on suicide prevention and promoting more activities and programs in all 9 regions.   The result has brought a positive impact on rendering KPTO health services (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). KPTO service distribution in nine regions concentrated on whÄ nau ora (family health) and whÄ nau welfare. It has been known in 4 locations that this priority was purposely line up in Governments Maori family health approach where applied in planning and delivery of the program which evidently shows an effective Maori community engagement (MOH, 2013). However, there are identified concerns in the delivery of the program. The KPTO providers have known to work that is not within the KPTOs scope which the stakeholders have expected for them to do so and also, the program providers have difficulty to reach all areas in an outsized region fairly. With this finding, it is necessary to make clear of the coordinators duty which is to perform as facilitator in a community to endorse health promotion, not as the first to respond on suicide emergencies. And for the large geographical regions, the challenges are related to the limited resources, human capability and the length of transportation which must have been given attention (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). Most of the KPTO program providers strongly carry out activity design in line thoroughly to the Accountability Structure and the All Age Suicide Program Logic Model. It was evidently shown that the program providers acquire understanding of projected distribution and undertakings that need to be attained yearly and also they correspondingly reported properly in every month and every six month period, also they continue to document the particular assessments of their actions wherein these reports is used to update upcoming activity plans (MOH, 2010). Insights The success of a program depends on many factors such as the way it was planned, delivered, funded, and effort made by the management and staffs. As for the KPTO program, it reflects the effectiveness of its role in contributing to the mental health of the intended recipients of the program as evidence by number of activities and collaboration with the organizations to prioritize suicide prevention (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). With this evaluation, it shows that the management and staffs play an important part in attaining the objectives of the program. They are the one on hand with the delivery of the activities and along with the influence of the stakeholders creating a strong effort to endorse the program in organizations. The stability of the staffs and coordinators in providing the services greatly helped in the program as for its continuity in the delivery of activities and acquired more experience in the community. Majority of the providers have rendered services to the community which enable them to work collaboratively with agencies in each region. Also, it is significant in achieving objectives to be involved in the celebration of the main recipients (Maori in KPTO program) for example the Waitangi Day and also often conduct events in gathering places. With this evaluation, it presents verified realization that a programs coordinator was able to work effectively when participated in strategic meetings which allowed them to voice out in decision-making, and a good communication is a way to promote sharing of essential information and designing policies. It is also important to note the responds of the recipients on the program delivery to greatly determine its impact and contribution in achieving objectives (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). The program which is mainly intended for Maori presented a competent cultural approach which serves as the strength of the program and because of this, it permits the providers to promote the welfare of the Maori based on the applicable way within their culture, with such, the program is accepted and suits with the Maori culture (McNeill, 2009). That is why, a program that considers the proper way in adjusting to the needs of the recipients will likely become acknowledged and succeeds. References Davidson, E.J. (2005). Evaluation Methodology Basics: The Nuts and Bolts of Sound Evaluation. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA. pp.6-7. Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited (2014). Kia Piki te Ora Suicide Prevention Programme Evaluation Final Report. Wellington: Ministry of Health. McNeill, H. N. (2009). Maori models of mental wellness. Ministry of Health (2010). Paper for the Ministerial Committee on Suicide Prevention: MÄ ori Suicide Prevention. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health (2015). Kia Piki te Ora Suicide Prevention Programme Evaluation Final Report. Ministry of Health (2013). Te Mahere Rautaki o Kia Piki te Ora. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

African Americans in McMillen’s Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in t

Plight of the African Americans After Reconstruction in Neil McMillen’s Book, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow Neil McMillen’s book, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow categorically examines the plight of African Americans living in Mississippi during the era of Jim Crow. McMillen, a professor at the University of Southern Mississippi, describes the obstacles that African Americans dealt with in the fields of education, labor, mob violence, and politics. Supplementing each group with data tables, charts and excerpts from Southern newspapers of the day, McMillen saturates the reader with facts that help to understand the problems faced by black Mississippians in the years after Reconstruction. McMillen begins by tracing the roots of segregation in Mississippi beginning with common law and later evolving into state sponsored apartheid with the Plessey v. Ferguson decision and the new state constitution of 1890. The need for separation between the races arose out of feelings of â€Å"negrophobia† that overcame the white citizens of the South during the period of Jim Crow. Negrophobia was an overwhelming fear by white males in the South that if the races were in close proximity of each other the savage black men would insult the heavenly virtues of Southern white women. As a result black boys in Mississippi learned at an early age that even smiling at a white woman could prove dangerous. Although segregation was vehemently opposed by Black leaders when it was first instituted, by the 1890’s leaders such as Booker T. Washington began to emphasize self-help over social equality. The fact that Mississippi’s institutions were segregated lead to them being inh erently unequal, and without a... ...ing the life of African Americans during the Jim Crow era into specific categories McMillen made it easier for the reader to understand how the Jim Crow laws governed every aspect of Blacks lives. I especially found the section on mob violence interesting. It is amazing to me how brutal and inhuman some whites could be only eighty years ago. The only criticism I had of Dark Journey was that McMillen did not discuss the strong religious convictions of many Black Mississippians and how they used their faith to help them deal with the trauma of Jim Crow. However in the end by examining the lives of blacks after reconstruction this book has amazed me by showing me how far the South and Mississippi has come in such a relatively short period of time. Work Cited: Neil R. McMillen. Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow Illini Books edition, 1990

Bentham’s and Mill’s theory of Utility

According to Bentham’s theory of utility he emphasized that there is need for equal weights. Bentham argued that individuals are the best judges of their own happiness. He had an automatic tangency to default non interference by government. He argued that individual’s actions often implicate the happiness of others. According to his theory, individuals may not have the incentive or the ability to coordinate concerted actions that improve comprehensive utility. Therefore, his obligation responded to the fact that there is no need to let people suffer.Needlessly, every person is entitled to some income for purpose of survival. In addition, every citizen has the right to be protected against violence of other citizens or foreign countries. He also argued that encouragement of both wealth and population by people is a very critical step towards development of utility. This means that if wealth is invariable then the probability of a greater population would reduce wealth pe r capita. He believed that growth in population is necessary for resistance as individuals try to make ends meet.He went ahead and argued that the principle of diminishing marginal utility contributes less utility to a rich man than it does to a poor one. Therefore, the reallocation of income to complete equality is desirable as the utility loss of the rich is more than that compensated by utility gain of the poor. Mill's theory of Utility Mills tries to prove his theory as he argues that people desire to be happy from the daily happenings. Since each individual human being desires his or her own happiness then it must follow that it is important to create happiness for purpose of joy and encouragement.According to Mill’s argument, the greatest pleasure of human being is to gain moral support. There is a contrast between Mills and Bentham’s theory of Utility. Mill’s contain noble sentiments and impressive traits of thought about utility. He grounds his theory of utility in pressure and pain. Writers like Bentham maintained the theory of utility which is not meant to be contradistinguished from pleasure. However, the pleasure itself together with exemptions from pain is considered as opposing to the agreeable purpose of utility.This is very much different from Mills theory of utility, where he argued facts about the quantity of pressure and pain. Therefore, Mill’s conception of pressure and pain is based on the fact that each has quantitative and qualitative components. In contrast, Bethany theory of utility argues on the point of quantity versus quality components of utility. Bentham’s argued that the assumption that human happiness is considered as achievement of pleasure and avoidance of pain is irrational. The hedonistic value of any human action is easily calculated by considering how intensely its pleasure is felt and how long the pleasure lasts.Mill disagreed with Bentham’s argument that all differences among ple asures could be qualified. He argued that pleasure experienced by human beings differ from each other in qualitative ways. The only people who experienced pleasure of both sorts were competent judges in correspondence to relative quality. In his argument, he tried to outline the positive achievement of happiness as a difficult task to be attained. Therefore, pain in this case is warranted according to Mills point of view but only when it results directly in the greater good. References Soccio Douglas, Archetypes of Wisdom, Seventh Edition.

Amazon River Basin Countries

Amazon River Basin Countries The Amazon River is the second longest river (it is just shorter than the Nile River in Egypt) in the world and it has the largest watershed or drainage basin as well as the most tributaries of any river in the world. For reference, a watershed is defined as the area of land that releases its water into a river. This entire area is often referred to as the Amazon Basin. The Amazon River begins with streams in the Andes Mountains in Peru and flows into the Atlantic Ocean about 4,000 miles (6,437 km) away.The Amazon River and its watershed encompass an area of 2,720,000 square miles (7,050,000 sq km). This area includes the largest tropical rainforest in the world - the Amazon Rainforest. In addition parts of the Amazon Basin also include grassland and savannah landscapes. As a result, this area is some of the least developed and most biodiverse in the world. Countries Included in the Amazon River Basin The Amazon River flows through three countries and its basin includes three more. The following is a list of these six countries that are part of the Amazon  River region arranged by their area. For reference, their capitals and populations have also been included. Brazil Area: 3,287,612 square miles (8,514,877 sq km)Capital: BrasiliaPopulation: 198,739,269 (July 2010 estimate) Peru Area: 496,225 square miles (1,285,216 sq km)Capital: LimaPopulation: 29,546,963 (July 2010 estimate) Colombia Area: 439,737 square miles (1,138,914 sq km)Capital: BogotaPopulation: 43,677,372 (July 2010 estimate) Bolivia Area: 424,164 square miles (1,098,581 sq km)Capital: La PazPopulation: 9,775,246 (July 2010 estimate) Venezuela Area: 352,144 square miles (912,050 sq km)Capital: CaracasPopulation: 26,814,843 (July 2010 estimate) Ecuador Area: 109,483 square miles (283,561 sq km)Capital: QuitoPopulation: 14,573,101 (July 2010 estimate) Amazon Rain Forest Over half the world rainforest is located in the Amazon Rain Forest which is also called Amazonia. The majority of the Amazon River Basin is within the Amazon Rain Forest. An estimated 16,000 species live in the Amazon. Although the Amazon Rain Forest is huge and is incredibly biodiverse its soil was not suitable for farming. For years researchers assumed that the forest must have been sparsely populated by humans because the soil could not support the agriculture needed for large populations. However, recent studies have shown the forest was much more densely populated than previously believed. Terra Preta The discovery of a type of soil known a terra preta has been found in the Amazon River Basin. This soil is the product of ancient jungle foresty. The dark soil is actually a fertilizer made from mixing charcoal, manure and bone. The charcoal is primarily what gives the soil its characteristic black color. While this ancient soil can be found in several countries in the Amazon River Basin its primarily found in Brazil. This isnt surprising as Brazil is the largest country in South America. Its so large it actually touches all but two other countries in South America.

1928 Election Essays - Second Party System, Andrew Jackson

1928 Election Essays - Second Party System, Andrew Jackson 1928 Election AP American History October 21, 1997 The year of 1828 was a tumultuous year in American politics. It so happened that it was a presidential election year. The election of 1828 was different from any other presidential election up to that point. The election not only set a precedent, but was also one of the bitterest in American history. Out of all the elections up to that point, it had all the makings of a present-day campaign. The two modern aspects evident in the campaign were horrific mudslinging and the choice of presidential electors by a popular vote. The two men running for the office of president that year were the incumbent, John Adams, and the once-defeated Andrew Jackson. John Adams ran as a National Republican, later to be known as the Whigs. Adams had the support of the respectable Secretary of State, Henry Clay, but he did not have the support of his own Vice-President, John C. Calhoun. Calhoun was very powerful in the politics of that time period. He threw his support in favor Jackson because he could tell that Adams and the Republicans wanted Henry Clay to succeed Adams in the election of 1832. William H. Crawford, presidential hopeful in 1824, also gave his support to Jackson. However, the most important man to lend his backing to Jackson was Martin Van Buren, because he could tell that Jackson was going places. Jackson was running as a Democratic Republican. Because the Democrats are widely known to be the party of the common man, Jackson could use the theory of us against them. The Democrats also gained the support of the newly formed Workingman's Party. When Adams had beaten Jackson for president four years before, the Jacksonians protested that there was a corrupt bargain between Clay and Adams. This came about because once the vote went to the House of Representatives, Clay, a candidate, threw his support in favor of Adams. Once in office, Adams made Clay Secretary of State. Throughout Adams' administration and the campaign, the Jacksonians made the phrase corrupt bargain a rallying cry for their supporters. Adams though made enemies of his allies by refusing to remove competent civil servants from their jobs in favor of his political friends. Adams' views were already known so he had to run on those. Jackson however was for anything against Adams that made Adams look bad. Everything else he was safely shrewd in defining his position on the current issues of the time. He would just put himself in the middle if he didn't have an opinion or he didn't want to upset his supporters. So, in fact, he ran without a program. While he campa igned in the South, his friends in Washington, led by Van Buren, were winning the election for him. They concocted a tariff bill aimed at attracting electoral votes in both the Northeast and Northwest by hiking the protective rates on items favored in those areas. It was called the Tariff of Abominations, especially in the South. This raised dislike for the Adams Administration. That year was also the first year in which presidential electors were chosen by popular vote instead of congressional caucuses. This made the election even more democratic, which is what the Democrats, as they had come to be known, wanted. The Democrats, after all, were on raising the idea of democracy versus aristocracy. This campaign was not only one of the most savage elections up to that time, it is one of the nastiest in our country's history. Both candidates used the newspapers to do a significant part of their mudslinging. One newspaper editor that Jackson used was Amos Kendall of Kentucky. Kendall was the editor of the Argus of Western America. All of his editors though did an expert job of making his political head-hunting look like a crusade to clean Washington of corruption and privilege. One of Adams' editors was Charles Hammond of Cincinnati. He was the editor of the Cincinnati Gazette. Hammond turned Jackson's marriage into a contemptible type of propaganda. But the even more effective propaganda was the Coffin Handbill, which made Jackson out to be a murderer and a ruffian because he had executed six Tennessee militiamen for mutinying during

Credit crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Credit crunch - Essay Example The people have started to understand the real issues behind this credit crunch because it has impacted their lives in a very negative way. It has turned the rich into poor very quickly and the poor have no where to hide as well (Author Unknown 2008). In essence, the credit crunch has played absolute havoc with the people of this world and there seems to be no stopping on this premise at all. Much needs to be done and for that to happen, the world’s biggest financial and economic bodies need to sit down together and devise a way for further progress and resilience within these areas. The historic basis of this credit crunch started when some of the world’s leading banks and financial institutions came down crashing some 2 years back. It brought with it a plethora of issues and troubles for the people, be them within the small sized markets or within the big institutions that played with the economic issues of the people. The move destroyed the basis of any economic activity within the world and hence these activities came to a standstill all of a sudden. American and British companies started to see downsizing and job cuts, which meant that more people started to lose their jobs and they had to bear the direct consequences due to this credit crunch. What was worse was the fact that the established companies which were doing pretty well within the global contexts also came down crashing (Anderson 2007). The liquidity basis was therefore hit very badly and the people within the financial groups were blamed for such a situation that had arisen in the first p lace. The historic basis of credit crunch has resulted due to a number of reasons apart from these as well. The dependence of one money regime over the other has also been the root cause behind such debacle in the first place and therefore the blame must be shared amongst all concerned. What is worst is the fact that people have been at the mercy of such financial

A report on Wireshark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

A report on Wireshark - Essay Example This network packet analyzer works as an appliance utilized to inspect what is happening within a communication network cable, immediately similar to a voltmeter is utilized by an electrician to look at what is going on within an electric cable (however at a advanced scale). In the past, similar applications and tools were extremely costly, based on ownership, or together. With the arrival of Wireshark, the situation has changed. Thus, Wireshark is perceived to be possibly one of the most excellent open source packet analyzers available in the marketplace at the moment (Lamping, Sharpe, & Warnicke, 2011). I have chosen this technology for my research. In this report I will assess this technology based application with respect to its overall technological working, operations, history and mainly for the Linux based services administration. WIRESHARK Wireshark technology is a network protocol analyzer system. It allows us to get as well as interactively surf the network communication tr affic operating on a computer network system. Additionally, the Wireshark has optimistic and dominant characteristic collection and is world's most well-liked application of this sort. In addition, it is compatible and works on the majority of networks and computing systems comprising OS X, Windows, UNIX and Linux. Moreover, network experts, developers, safety professionals and instructors all through the world make use of this technology. Its main characteristic is that we need to pay no cost for this since it is open source application; moreover it is released with the standards defined by the GNU (General Public License) version. Furthermore, it is designed and supported by a worldwide staff of protocol specialists, as well as it is an instance of a disruptive technology based systems. Wireshark was also recognized as Ethereal protocol (Wireshark Foundation , 2011). WIRESHARK FEATURES Wireshark takes network communication packets at the internet or transport layer of OSI model. A dditionally, the leading protocols are TCP and IP; jointly, they are known as internet protocol group or TCP/IP. As this is a packet switching network framework (a network works on data packets communication). In this scenario data will be transmitted to the right destination system formed on the basis of information created in the network packet header (Codex-M , 2011) and (Lamping, Sharpe, & Warnicke, 2011). These are extremely significant tasks to perform; particularly if someone is appointed as a network manager to inspect/care for the data and information being sent away from the communications. For instance, if the system on which we are performing our tasks deals with extremely secret information, we are able to make use of Wireshark capability to dual verify whether those network communication packets transmitted away the technology based machines are encrypted or encoded. Thus, this will validate that the encryption protocol of the system or network is in operational condit ion (Codex-M , 2011) and (Lamping, Sharpe, & Warnicke, 2011). One more instance of this situation is; if secret data and information, like that password, is not encrypted or encoded, it could be interpreted in the form of apparent text by making use of packet analysis through Wireshark. Additionally, this is equally high-quality aspect and terrible feature for the machine's clients. In addition, the high-quality aspect of this application is that, if the manager frequently checks and

Describe and discuss Key Points of Diversity and Unity within Essay

Describe and discuss Key Points of Diversity and Unity within 'Hinduism' - Essay Example Not only does this word help a vast people affiliate themselves with the same theological faith but also does it pronounce the way to lead the perfect life on earth, given the follies and foibles life encompasses as well as the problems that people are accosted with. Again, as mentioned, Hinduism is no mere binding force that includes people from diverse backgrounds but is like a salad bowl wherein the individualities can be ascertained very easily though they appear to be part of a single entity. This is one unique feature of Hinduism and has lent unity in diversity to the religion. Lipner (2004), in his celebrated book, Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, asserts the true meaning of Hinduism. The author is of the opinion that Hinduism as a term in the general order of terms belonging to the ‘ism’ category is unique and differs from all others in form as well as content. According to Lipner (2004), Hinduism is like a banyan tree with all its branches. The sim ile of the banyan tree has been well explained by the author when he opines that the religion is basically an amalgamation of various ancient roots and branches, essentially â€Å"polycentric† though united as well as indistinguishable at times and â€Å"macrocosmically one†. This pattern of diversity is unique and lends variety to the same. However, he has also opined that the simile of the banyan tree is not applicable from all points of views. Since a banyan tree looks the same from all angles, so the simile of the banyan tree cannot be said to be apt from all view points since in case of Hinduism the point of view changes from time to time depending on the basis on which we are trying to take a look at Hinduism as a banyan tree. A further explanation of the reason why Hinduism does not appear to be a banyan tree is because though it may be a homogenous entity since the word Hindu refers to people belonging to a single faith, however, it is also a block reality (Lip ner, 2004). Other theoreticians have also echoed the same thoughts as well as philosophies. Smith (1964) has been of the opinion that Hinduism is something that does not exist in reality given the fact that this particular word envisages encompassing so diverse a range of meanings in itself that it is but an impossible pursuit. Vertovec (2000) has interestingly noted his own interpretation of Hinduism. The author mentions that his definition of a Caribbean Hindu is not one who continually changes as per the demands of the situation but adapts to the social practices that he or she is in and also negotiates one’s position with the externalities that befall the Hindu individual. This again points out to the fact that not only in India but the world over, Hindus or followers of Hinduism have exhibited the same pattern of behavior. This natural propensity towards diversity is what sets Hinduism apart from all other reasons. Lipner (2004) has given another very interesting definit ion that Hinduism stands for a â€Å"family of culturally similar traditions†. This is indeed enough to give us initial insight into what Hinduism actually is. Of course, the homogeneity of existence among the followers of Hinduism becomes apparent. However, it also becomes clear that more than the existence of God or the convergence of religious beliefs, this is one religion that is enmeshed with the social life of the population and this is exactly

John Dewey on Education Essay Example for Free

John Dewey on Education Essay John Dewey, Mortimer Adler and Nel Noddings impacted our system of education in very profound ways. Dewey believed that there should be communication between the student and the teacher. Adler believed that schools should only teach the traditional courses (English, Math, Science, Social Studies and Foreign Language). Noddings believed that teachers should be more caring towards their students. John Dewey’s idea of education greatly affected our system of education today. John Dewey’s ideas for education were to concentrate on students’ psychological and sociological qualities. Dewey believed in promoting an â€Å"unconscious education† where â€Å"the individual gradually comes to share in the intellectual and moral resources which humanity has succeeded in getting together. He becomes an inheritor of the funded capital of civilization† (Dewey 261). In other words, he thought this was a good method for teachers to analyze a student’s behavior in order to teach them more effectively. This also provided an opportunity for the student to learn without even realizing it. Dewey stated that a student’s psychological needs were the basis of his method of education. The child’s own instinct and powers furnish the material and give the starting-point for all education† (Dewey 262). Dewey stressed the idea that, â€Å"Without insight into the psychological structure and activities of the individual the educative process will†¦be haphazard and arbitrary† (Dewey 262). Dewey was also extremely interested in the social aspects of a student. He said that the, â€Å"knowledge of social conditions, of the present state of civilization, is necessary in order to properly interpret the child’s powers† (Dewey 262). This was a new technique for an educator to see and distinguish the instincts and tendencies in a student. Therefore, in order for an educator to know more about a student he/she must first study the student’s psychological traits in order to understand the unique characteristics of a child’s capacities, interests and habits. Then the teacher must translate their findings into terms of what they believe the child is capable of in a social setting. In my opinion, Dewey showed a balance between the dialectic of academics and affective goals. This is also known as transaction, which is having both the teacher and the student interact in the classroom. Dewey believed that the academic goals of education should be, â€Å"a process of living and not a preparation for future living† (Dewey 263). He stated that the teachers’ job is not to influence him but to help guide the student into successfully forming with the community by letting the student experience some life occurrences. â€Å"The teacher is not in the school to impose certain ideas or to form certain habits in the child, but is there as a member of the community to select the influences which shall affect the child† (Dewey 263 – 264). Dewey also believed that tests should only be used to examine a child’s social capabilities in the real world. â€Å"Examinations are of use only so far as they test the child’s fitness for social life and reveal the place in which he can be of the most service and where he can receive the most help† (Dewey 264). In my opinion, this would be more of a conceptual test where the child can voice his or her own opinions. Dewey’s main affective goals were to deepen the child’s meaning of himself and his values. It is the business of the school to deepen and extend his sense of the values bound up in his home life† (Dewey 263). Dewey believed that it was important for the school to implement lessons that related to what a child would do at home. The school would also be responsible for simplifying their social life because; â€Å"existing life is so complex that the child cannot be brought into contact with it without either confusion or distraction† (Dewey 263). Therefore, if the child is exposed to too much social stimulation he will become, â€Å"either unduly specialized or else disintegrated† (Dewey 263). I believe that Dewey’s views show that he is against standardization in schools. He believed that there was a lack of conscious states in schools. He asserts that children are, â€Å"thrown into a passive, receptive, or absorbing attitude† (Dewey 265). Dewey’s viewpoint is still an active discussion topic in today’s education system. However, some school districts insist on rote learning because their schools receive more funding when there is a high percentage of passing students on standardized tests. According to Linda McNeil, students are taught on how to pass these tests without really learning. For example, McNeil states that, â€Å"students report that in the drills on the TAAS reading section, they frequently mark answers without reading the sample text. They merely match key words in an answer choice with key words in the text† (McNeil 218). According to Dewey, this is â€Å"not permitted [in following] the law of nature† (Dewey 265), resulting in â€Å"friction and waste† (Dewey 265). Dewey believed that proper instruction should be exemplified by, â€Å"the preparation and presentation of lessons [which] might be more wisely and profitably expended in training the child’s power of imagery and in seeing to it that he was continually forming definite, vivid, and growing images of the various subjects with which he comes in contact in his experience† (Dewey 266). Standardization is not they key component of education, even though the state and federal government believe this is an important element for success. According to Gerald Bracey, when students are applying to college, the SAT exam should be used as a guideline and not the final decision in acceptance. Bracey stated that the, â€Å"SAT scores had been falling for fourteen years† (Bracey 47). He also stated that, â€Å"While the developers of the SAT still called their test a ‘mere supplement,’ the public now saw it as the platinum rod for measuring school performance. And that performance was getting worse† (Bracey 47). Somehow over time, a student’s SAT score developed into an extremely significant number which seemed to become the overall determination of a student’s intelligent. It seems harsh and unbalanced to put so much emphasis on one test. Of course, applicants are told that in combination with their SAT scores; their grades and outside activities are taken into consideration for college admittance. But the truth is these SAT scores still remain a huge factor for college applicants. Studies have shown that a high SAT score does not guarantee high grades in college however the politics behind these tests are stronger than the public’s opinion in order to get these tests repealed. Standardized tests do not lead the student to come into contact with the subject at hand or the experience related to it. They also do not show the overall picture of an individual or what he or she can contribute while attending college. Scott Thompson is against the test-based reform of today’s society. Thompson claims that, â€Å"The human hearts and minds of others, I believe, are simply too complex and too inaccessible to read as a book† (Thompson 160). Thompson argues that the differences between test-based reform and standards-based reform. He concluded that standards-based reform involves more cooperation from parents, teachers and the students. It also gives the students a high-quality method of learning and not simply learning techniques for test taking. â€Å"We should be interested in students who can produce high quality work rather than students who have mastered the ability to take standardized tests† (Thompson 159). Thompson would love to see that the idea of standardized tests be abandoned in the future. Thompson argues that by giving these students standardized tests that they are reducing their potential of demonstrating their intellect, social and personal sides to the community. Test-based reform, through its focus on high-stakes test, narrows the curriculum to what is included on the tests and reduces instructional practice to test preparation† (Thompson 159). In contrast, â€Å"standards-based reform†¦involves a complete abandonment of the bureaucratic, ‘seat time’ approach to education and replaces it with a system of learning communities dedicated to helping all students reach their intellectual, social, and personal potential† (Thompson 159). To summarize, without requiring students to take standardized tests they will greatly increase their academic potential and affective abilities. Bill Bigelow also stresses his concern of standardization. He believes that, â€Å"social studies knowledge is little more than acquiring piles of disconnected facts about the world† (Bigelow 231) and that â€Å"the world can’t be chopped into multiple choice questions, [in] that you can’t bubble in the truth with a number-two pencil† (Bigelow 239). Bigelow would be ecstatic to see the state do away with standardized tests. He demonstrates some strong educational goals that the state should follow that show a balance between academic and affective goals for education. He claims that teachers should, â€Å"construct rigorous performance standards for students that promote deep thinking about the nature of our society. These efforts should acknowledge the legitimacy of a multicultural curriculum of critical questions, complexity, multiple perspective, and social imagination. They should recognize that wisdom is more than information† (Bigelow 239). I agree with his statement. When considering the famous quote, â€Å"knowledge is power†; have we gained knowledge when we have learned the means by which to pass a standardized test? Or has knowledge been gained when a student has the sense of understanding conceptual ideas about society and civilization as a whole? I feel that standardized testing is something elected state officials want because these tests provide numbers and numbers are easy to put into a spreadsheets and show which schools are getting high scores and which schools are getting low scores. It is an easy format to determine budgets; one test is suitable for all students. It is harder to define guidelines on how or what teachers should teach conceptually because that leads to a broader spectrum of learning. In conclusion, I believe that standardized tests are the â€Å"dumbing down of America†. These tests inhibit our abilities to question and reflect. The state and federal governments do not really want the American public to get smarter. They want a simple way to control what students learn and how they learn it. While many people agree that standardization is not improving learning, we are still unable to do away with these tests due to all of the politics involved. I would love for high schools to be more like colleges in that, teachers can use whatever methods of teaching they like just as professors do. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Obviously, there are essential fundamental topics that much be taught that are necessary in order to have the basic foundation on which to grow intellectually. I feel that once a student has mastered the basics, it is crucial to one’s development to discuss controversial issues and to intelligently question the ways of the world. I agree with Bill Bigelow; I do not believe that one test is a thorough determinant of a student’s ability and mastery of various concepts. A famous quote by George Santayana states, â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it†. With all the controversial issues and problems in the world, shouldn’t learning how to use one’s mind and think â€Å"outside the box† be considered an integral part of learning? Isn’t it important and valuable to society to be able to intelligently discuss solutions rather than just be considered smart because you aced the SAT?

The Iraqi War Essay -- Government Politics Iraq Essays

The Iraqi War In March of 2003 George W. Bush declared war on Iraq. The war against this country was expected to be a quick victory for the United States. Sure enough, in May of 2003 Bush declared an end to major operations in Iraq. The United States had taken the country from Saddam Hussein with little resistance. Americans were mixed in the approval of the use of force, and their doubts of Bush’s faults were boosted when no weapons of mass destruction were discovered. However, during the war, the United States suffered a very small number of human casualties. Since Bush declared the end of major military operations, more than 150 U.S. soldiers have lost their lives in occupied Iraq. This number is much higher than the total of casualties in Iraq during wartime. More and more soldiers lose their lives each day. Since the end of the war, the news has been plagued with reports of terrorist attacks on U.S. troops, and any Iraqi supporting the U.S. occupation of the country. On October 10, two U.S. Soldiers were killed, and four were wounded in a shooting in a slum of Baghdad. This attack was just hours after a car bomb was detonated near an Iraqi police station, killing eight and wounding forty (Bonner, Fisher). These attacks on U.S. troops are believed to be organized by groups of Hussein loyalists (Schmitt). Who are trying to send a message that Iraq will never be a peaceful nation as long as the U.S. is in control. These attackers also are aiming attacks at members of their own country. On August 29th a terrorist car bomb was parked next to the Imam Ali mosque, when it detonated it claimed the life of 95 Iraqis and wounded 140. The mosque was predominantly a U.S. supporting community. Also killed in the blast was Ayato... ...r 2003. www.newyorktimes.com Filkins, Dexter, and Fisher, Ian. â€Å"Bombers Kill 14 in Iraq; Missile Hits Civilian Plane.† New York Times. 23 November 2003. www.newyorktimes.com MacFarquhar, Neil, and Oppel, Richard A. â€Å"After the War: Attack at Shrine; Car Bomb in Iraq Kills 95 at Shiite Mosque.† New York Times. 29 August 2003. www.newyorktimes.com Sachs, Susan. â€Å"A Region Inflamed: Attacks; Truck Bomb Kills 5 in a Pro-U.S. Kurdish Stronghold in Northern Iraq.† New York Times. 20 November 2003. www.newyorktimes.com Schmitt, Eric. â€Å"General Says Hussein Loyalists Pose Growing Threat in Iraq.† New York Times. 13 November 2003. www.newyorktimes.com Stevenson, Richard W. â€Å"'America Will Never Run,' Bush Says of Iraq.† New York Times. 3 November 2003. www.newyorktimes.com Tran, Tini. â€Å"Iraq Copter Attack Kills 16 U.S. Troops.† Associated Press. 3 November 2003.

Andrea Yates Essay -- Killers Murder Crime Criminals

Andrea Yates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yates does not fit the profile of a mother who kills her children† said Hay of Child Protective Services. (Glenn par. 14) Most mothers who kill their children are younger and generally start out as teen-age moms. However, thirty-seven year old Andrea Pia Yates killed her five children and is now on trial to receive a punishment for her actions. She claims the reason she committed the crime is because she suffers from a severe case of postpartum depression. Andrea Yates possesses many problems and no matter her state of mental health, she will be punished for the crime she committed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On June 20, 2001, Andrea Pia Yates drowned her four sons and one daughter ranging from ages six months to seven years. She drowned Noah, 7, John, 5, Paul, 3, Luke, 2, and Mary, six months, in the bathtub in their home. The children were apparently killed approximately one hour after their father, longtime NASA Johnson Space Center computer engineer, left for work. The bodies of three of her sons and her infant daughter were found on a bed, covered by a sheet. The oldest boy was found in the bathtub, Houston Police said. (Glenn par. 2) She was arrested without bond on June 22 for the charge of murdering her five children. Andrea was arrested after summoning the police to her home located in Clear Lake. Andrea called her husband Russell after phoning police and said he had â€Å"better come home†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (qtd. in Glenn par. 15). When he arrived, police were already at the scene and would not allow him to enter his home. 2 Looking dazed, the skinny long-haired woman said: â€Å"I killed my kids.† (qtd. in Glenn par. 3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andrea Yates claimed that the reason she killed her children was because she suffered from postpartum depression. Postpartum depression, which affects approximately eight to fifteen percent of mothers in America, usually starts four weeks after the birth of a child and can last for months (Post Partum Depression screen 1). It causes feelings of panic, confusion, and hopelessness, and can change the sleeping and eating patterns of the one suffering. Postpartum depression is usually mild and is easily treated with medication. Yet, in come rare cases, it can lead to violence. Postpartum depression is classified in three different categories. The ... ..., yet experts believe that she really does not know everything that is going on around her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since June 20, people across America have been confused and disturbed by the actions of Andrea Pia Yates. The hearts of everyone go out to her poor husband who is now left with no one to call his immediate family. Russell Yates made a website which is dedicated to his five children. The website has pictures and home videos of each of the children. The world can only hope and pray that such tragic and shocking events like the one that occurred on June 20 will not occur in the future. Works Cited 1 Christian, Carol. â€Å"Makeup of Yates Jury Many Hint at Defense Strategy.†, â€Å"The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yates Jury Trial.† Houston Chronicle 31 January 2002. 2 Christian, Carol. â€Å"Yates Murder Trial Starts Today.† Houston Chronicle 18 February   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002. 3 Christian, Carol. â€Å"Jury Gives Yates Life with out Parole for Forty Years.† Houston   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chronicle 16 March 2002. 4 Glenn, Mike. â€Å"June 20: Mom Held in Killing Five Kids.† Houston Chronicle 21   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  June 2001. 5 Post Partum Depression. 18 March 2002. http://www.ask.com Ask Jeeves results.

Grandfather’s Journey by Allen Say Essay

Question 1. Describe how the story is structured to influence your response to the text. Question 2. Describe one of the story’s major settings. How is it constructed and what is its significance to the story and its ideas? North America is the major setting in this book. North America holds a lot of new technology and everything is new and spectacular to him, the trains, the enormous rock sculptures and an endless farming field are examples of this. There is also a bad side to this place; there are huge cities of factories and tall buildings with thick smoke coming out of each building. But above all, best place was California, where there were a strong sunlight, the Sierra Mountains and the seacoast. Along the way he had met and shook hands new people, which had different cultural backgrounds to him. This setting is constructed in a way that the more the grandfather travels the more he liked it and wanted to make the ‘New World’ his home. This setting shows that the cultural barrier can be broken and people should go out and see the world and meet new people to develop more familiarity of the world they live in. Question 3. How are you positioned to respond to the major character/s of the story? What values are represented through them? Question 4. Describe the extent to which language and graphics are successfully used together to shape your response. Discuss with close reference to at lease two examples. In the Grandfather’s Journey, there are a few pages where the graphics and the text connect together to give the reader a better understanding of situation. At the beginning (on page 4) the text was ‘My grandfather was a young man when he left his home in Japan and went to see the world†. On this page it shows the grandfather in Japanese clothes and the background had very dull colours because he is still in the ‘Old World’. On the next page it shows the transition to the ‘New World’. The background colours have changed from dull to bright and he had changed into European clothes. The wave that looks very unsteady shows the ‘New World’. All this happens when you want to ‘see the world. On page 17, there is a picture of the grandfather’s daughter holding a pram with a European doll sitting in it. The text that goes with the page was ‘As his daughter grew, my grandfather began to think about his own childhood. He thought about his old friends’. In the picture the author shows the contrast between the Asian girl and the European girl using different clothing and the cultural difference (seen through the colours of the hairs). When compared, the grandfather began to remember how his old friends in Japan were when they were little. This illustrates ‘†¦think about his own childhood. He thought about his old friends.’ Question 5. Discuss the attitudes and values of the text and your personal response to these. Question 6. Describe at least one link you can make between this book and another/other texts you have read or viewed. How do the texts compare in terms of the ideas presented and how do you respond to these ideas? One of the pages in this book makes us realise that we often label Japan as the enemy in World War II, whilst they were also the victim and had also suffered a large amount of devastation. In the film Pearl Harbour, one of the scenes was Japan bombing Pearl Harbour. This only shows the negative side of Japan, where they were attackers, but it did not show them as the victims suffering from the disaster. This movie is persuading the audience to blame Japan for the damages of the war, where Japan had to go through the emotional breakdowns and physical injuries. Even though the book tells us not to blame Japan for the damages and the movie shows us that Japan was the enemy in World War II, there is still a link between the two texts and that is after a war majority of the participating countries will have, no matter large or small, havocs. I think, because of this, we should not blame a certain country for the occurrence of the war, and should not blame any country since the countries that participated are both enemies and victims of the war.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Essays

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Essays Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Essay Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Essay 1 ) Explain the motive job with the hourly-paid employees in this organisation in footings of the content theoretical accounts of motive. What are the other things that the human resources director is mentioning to in speech production of things besides money. conditions. and fringe benefits that are needed to actuate employees? The first theory that is briefly presented is Maslow’s hierarchy of demands. After which. this is linked to the demands of Tom. Rajina. and Harry. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Possibly. the most celebrated theory of satisfaction and motive was developed by Abraham Maslow ( 1954 in Loop. 1994 ) . Maslow believed that employees would be satisfied with their occupations at any given point in clip if certain demands were met. Maslow believed that there are five major types of demands and these demands are hierarchal – that is. lower degree demands must be satisfied before an employee will be concerned with the following degree of demands. Basic biological demands. Maslow thought that an single first seeks to fulfill basic biological demands for nutrient. air. H2O. and shelter. An person who does non hold a occupation. is stateless. and is on the brink of famishment will be satisfied with any occupation every bit long as it provides for these basic demands. When asked how good they enjoy their occupation. people at this degree might answer. â€Å"I can’t complain. it pays the measures. † Safety demands. After the basic biological demands have been met. a occupation that simply provides nutrient and shelter will no longer be fulfilling. Employees so go concerned about run intoing their safety demands. That is. they may work in an insecure coal mine to gain money to guarantee their family’s endurance. but one time their household has nutrient and shelter. they will stay satisfied with their occupations merely if their workplace is safe. Safety demands have been explained to include psychological every bit good as physical safety. Psychological safety – frequently referred to as occupation security – can surely impact occupation satisfaction. For illustration. public sector employees frequently list occupation security as a chief benefit to their occupations – a benefit so strong that they will remain in lower paying public sector occupations instead than take higher paying. yet less secure. occupations in the private sector. Social demands. Once these first two demand degrees have been met. employees will stay satisfied with their occupations merely when their societal demands have been met. Social needs affect working with others. developing friendly relationships. and experiencing needed. Organizations attempt to fulfill their employees’ societal demands in a assortment of ways. Company cafeterias provide workers the topographic point and chance to socialise and run into other employees. company field daies allow households to run into one another. and company athleticss plans such as bowling squads and softball games provide chances for employees to play together in a impersonal environment. Ego needs. When societal demands have been satisfied. employees concentrate following on run intoing their self-importance demands. These are demands for acknowledgment and success. and an organisation can assist to fulfill them through congratulations. salary additions. and promotion. Ego needs can be satisfied in many ways. For illustration. many organisations use furniture to assist fulfill self-importance demands. The higher the employee’s place. the better his office furniture. Self-actualization demands. Even when employees have friends. have earned awards. and are doing a comparatively high wage. they may non be wholly satisfied with their occupations because their self-actualization demands may hold non been satisfied yet. These demands are the fifth and concluding degree of Maslow’s needs hierarchy. Self-actualization may be best defined by the US Army’s enrolling motto. â€Å"be the best that you can be. † An employee endeavoring for self-actualization wants to make her possible in every undertaking. Therefore. employees who have worked within the same machine for 20 old ages may go disgruntled with their occupations. They have accomplished all that they can with that peculiar machine and now hunt for a new challenge. If none is available. they may go disgruntled ( Knoop. 1994 ) . In the instance survey. it has been pointed out that Tom does non look to be merely motivated by money entirely. proposing that he has likely gone beyond the basic biological demands. There should be attempt on the portion of his supervisor to look for regard or self-actualization demands. possibly. One option is for his occupation to be enriched. This is besides true in the instance of Rajina who does hold trueness to the company. but is non excessively self-asserting. She may be asked to prosecute in activities that will increase her self-esteem. Finally. Tom is easy motivated by pecuniary wagess. and may be rewarded and motivated by these. Still another theory is the two factor theory of Herzberg. Two-factor Theory Still another needs theory. which reduces the figure of demands to two. was developed by Herzberg. He believed that job-related factors can de divided into two classs. incentives and hygiene factors – therefore the name two-factor theory. Hygiene factors are those job-related elements that consequences from but do non affect the occupation itself. For illustration. wage and benefits are effects of work but do non affect the work itself. Similarly. doing new friends may ensue from traveling to work. but it is besides non straight involved with the undertakings and responsibilities of the occupation. Incentives are occupation elements that do concern existent undertakings and responsibilities. Examples of incentives would be the degree of occupation duty. the sum of occupation control. and the involvement that the work holds for the employee. Herzberg believed that hygiene factors are necessary but non sufficient for occupation satisfaction and motive. That is. if a hygiene factors is non present at an equal degree ( e. g. the wage is excessively low ) . the employee will be dissatisfied. But if all hygiene factors are represented adequately. the employee’s degree of satisfaction will merely be impersonal. Merely the presence of both incentives and hygiene factors can convey occupation satisfaction and motive. Herzberg’s theory is one of those theories that makes sense but has non received strong support from research. In general. research workers have criticized the theory because of the methods used to develop the two factors every bit good as the fact that few research surveies have replicated the findings obtained by Herzberg and his co-workers ( Knoop. 1994 ) . McClelland’s Needs Theory The concluding demands theory was developed by McClelland ( 1961 in Knoop. 1994 ) and suggests that differences between persons stem from the relationship between a occupation and each employee’s degree of occupation satisfaction or motive. McClelland believed that employees differ in their demands for accomplishment. association. and power. Employees who have a strong demand for achievement desire occupations that are disputing and over which they have some control. whereas employees who have minimum accomplishment demands are more satisfied when occupations involve small challenge and have high chance of success. In contrast. employees who have a strong demand for association prefer working with and assisting other people. These types of employees are found more frequently in people-oriented service occupations than in direction or disposal ( Smither A ; Lindgren. 1978 ) . Finally. employees who have a strong demand for power have a desire to act upon others instead than merely be successful. Research has shown that employees who have a strong demand for power and achievement do the best directors ( Stahl. 1983 ) and that employees who are motivated most by their association demands will likely do the worst directors. It is evident from both theories that Tom. Rajina and Harry may hold demand for hygiene factors to increase their productiveness. This means that direction must offer incentives to retain them or to actuate them to work more. 2 ) Building on the response to Question 1. explain the motive of the hourly-paid employees in this company in footings of the procedure theoretical accounts of motive. Based on the information provided by the confidential interviews. what would you think are some of the anticipations. valencies. and unfairnesss of the hourly-paid employees of this company? How make these compare to those of Pat ( the Director of Manufacturing and Operations ) ? Based on Vroom’s anticipation theory. Tom. Rajina and Harry have changing valencies. anticipations and instrumentality. For illustration. in the instance of Tom. values inspiration and motive – which are intangibles. However. he is non motivated because he does non have this from the company. He besides does non believe that exercising more attempt at work would let him to have such inspiration. In the instance of Rajina. she has a high demand for regard. which she does non see because she does non cognize to publicize her attempts to co-workers. Recognition is what may be given to her to counterbalance for her attempts and trueness. There is no direct nexus from her position. of exercising more attempt at work. and having such acknowledgment as wages. Finally. Tom puts great premium on pecuniary wagess and benefits. However. based on the perceptual experiences of hourly paid employees in general. there is no important difference between those who work difficult and those who contribute little. A compensation and fillip strategy reflective of comparative part must be established to actuate employees like him. Based on these information. how can direction leverage on the motive of employees to enable them to achieve higher productiveness? Individual differences theory posits that some variableness in occupation satisfaction is due to an individual’s personal inclination across state of affairss to bask what she does. Thus. certain types of people will by and large be satisfied and motivated regardless of the type of occupation they hold ( Weaver. 1978 ) . The thought besides makes intuitive sense. We all know that people who invariably complain and whine about every occupation they have. and we besides know people who are motivated and enthusiastic about every occupation or undertaking. First. we should be cognizant of the fact that there are several factors that affect our hourly paid employees’ satisfaction. Apart from money and periphery benefits that motivate employees like Harry. personality is another factor to see. Whether the consistence in occupation satisfaction is due to familial or environmental factors. there appears to be a series of personality variables that are related to occupation satisfaction. That is. certain types of personalities are associated with the inclination to be satisfied or dissatisfied with one’s occupation. Judge et Al. ( 1998 ) have hypothesized that these personality variables are related and involve people’s mentality on life ( affectivity ) . position of their self-worth ( self-esteem ) . ability to get the hang their environment ( self-efficacy ) . and ability to command their environment ( external vs. internal venue of control ) . People prone to be satisfied with their occupations have high self-pride. high self-efficacy. high positive affectivity. and an internal venue of control. Research back uping this position has come from Judge et al. 1998 ) . who found a important correlativity between a combination of these four variables and occupation satisfaction. and from Garske ( 1990 ) . who found that employees with high self-prides are more satisfied with their occupations than are employees low in self-pride. Consequences consistent with the nucleus rating theory were reported by Dubin and Champoux ( 1977 ) . who found that some people are happier in their occupations than people without this focal point. Furthermore. the grade to which they are satisfied with their lives is besides another determiner of their motive on the occupation. Judge et al. 1998 ) . Judge and Watanabe ( 1993 ) . and Tait et Al. ( 1989 ) have theorized non merely that occupation satisfaction is consistent across clip but that the extent to which a individual is satisfied with all facets of her life ( e. g. matrimony. friends. occupation. household. geographic location ) is every bit good. Furthermore. people who are satisfied with their occupations tend to be satisfied with life. These research workers found support for their theory. as their informations indicate that occupation satisfaction is significantly correlated with life satisfaction. Therefore. people happy in life tend to be happy in their occupations an d frailty versa. Individual differences theories postulate that some employees are more predisposed to being motivated than others. Such things as genetic sciences and affectivity are involved in the extent to which some people tend to ever be satisfied with their occupations and others ever dissatisfied. However. instead than genetic sciences and affectivity. self-pride. demand for accomplishment. and intrinsic motive inclination are the single differences most related to work motive. To be able to turn to hourly employees’ intangible demands. there must be much attempt on management’s portion to increase employees’ self-esteem. These may non be excessively applicable for Harry who seems to be more motivated by basic demands. i. e. money and periphery benefits. There are assorted ways of transporting this out. as follows: Employees who can go to workshops or sensitiveness groups in which they are given penetrations into their strengths. It is thought that these penetrations raise self-esteem by demoing the employee that he has several strengths and is a good individual. Management besides ought to supply hourly paid employees with experience on success. With this attack. an employee is given a undertaking so easy that he will about surely win. It is thought that this success increases self-pride. which should increase public presentation. so farther addition self-pride. so farther addition public presentation. and so on. This method is based slackly on the rule of self-fulfilling prognostication. which states that an person will execute every bit good or every bit ill as he expects to execute. In other words. if he believes he is intelligent. he should make good on trials. If he believes he is dense. he should make ill. So if an employee believes he will ever neglect. the lone manner to interrupt the barbarous rhythm is to guarantee that he performs good on a undertaking ( Knoop. 1994 ) . Particularly in the instance of Tom. direction has to believe of ways to actuate him to accomplish. Employees who have a strong demand for achievement desire and are motivated by occupations that are disputing and over which they have some control. whereas employees who have minimum accomplishment demands are more satisfied when their work involves small challenge. Employees who have a high demand for achievement Ate non risk takers and tend to put ends that are disputing adequate to be interesting but low plenty to be come-at-able. Employees with a high demand for achievement demand acknowledgment and want their accomplishments to be noticed. To increase motive. end scene should be used. This is peculiarly applicable in Tom’s and Rajina’s instance who do non look to execute good without equal supervising. With end puting. each employee is given a end. which might be a peculiar quality degree. a certain measure of end product. or a combination of the two. For end scene to be most successful. the ends themselves should possess certain qualities. First. they should be concrete and specific. Puting more specific subgoals can besides better public presentation ( Klawsky. 1990 ) . Second. a decently set end is high but sensible ( Locke A ; Latham. 1990 ) . To increase the effectivity of end scene. feedback should be provided to the employee on his advancement in making his end ( Locke A ; Latham. 1990 ) . Feedback can include verbally stating an employee how he is making. puting a chart on a wall. or exposing a certain colour of visible radiation when the employee’s work gait will ensue in end attainment and a different colour of visible radiation when the gait is excessively slow to make the end. Feedback additions public presentation best when it is positive and informational instead than negative and commanding. Another set of theories hypothesizes that workers are motivated when they are rewarded for their behaviour. As a consequence. organisations offer inducements for a broad assortment of employee behaviours. including working overtime or on weekends. doing suggestions. mentioning appliers. remaining with the company ( length of service awards ) . coming to work ( attendance fillips ) . non acquiring into accidents. and executing at a high degree ( Henderson. 1997 ) .